The Key to Successful Concluding Sentence Example

The Key to Successful Concluding Sentence Example The Meaning of Concluding Sentence Example Nothing can be easier than to compose the last paragraph with our on-line generator! In the event the sentence is meant for commentary, then utilize commentary sentence starters. A concluding sentence ought to be an overview of the preceding discussion, not incorporate any new details. After that, make into an entire paragraph. A conclusion stipulates some last judgments on the major subject of the text and terminates a topic on a rational point. It is the end of the paragraph. A conclusion starter is just a phrase that highlights that you'll be coming to the conclusion of your written explanation, and frequently the conclusion starter hints which you are summarizing the concepts that have come before. An effective conclusion is thorough and elaborative, it gives a crystal clear and robust idea regarding the whole text. Some essays might just speak about similarities, while some may just speak about differences. Quite frequently, you want to be certain the reader doesn't overlook something, and that means you will need to let them know to look closely at the sentence by starting it in one of these ways. In the event the writer has not had a chance to interject an opinion about the subject, the last thought is the previous opportunity to achieve that. Many writers don't realize that it closes out the last thoughts about this issue on which they're writing. SCI record guide entries in several cases are described at a subspecies-level with a few subspecies known as difficult or dangerous in addition to others maybe perhaps maybe not, particularly for elk and mule deer subspecies. Conclusions are a part of daily life. Many factors demonstrate that. For this reason, you should deal with all challenges if you intend to reside close to the sea! The War Against Concluding Sentence Example Another critical step you will need to keep in mind is the value of having a suitable conclusion. Even in case you win, you won't have sufficient strength to continue! Each purpose has lots of words you are able to pick from. The remaining portion of the sections are different based on the sort of assignment. Ending an essay with similar scenario might help to demonstrate your point and make a better understanding. Slavery was one of the clearest ones. As soon as it's always important to receive your essay off on the perfect start with a strong and engaging introduction, lots of people may acquire lazy toward the conclusion of their writing. Speaking of narrative essays, you will need to stay in mind that you're telling a story. Distinct words and phrases can be utilized in various pieces of an essay. Utilizing a quotation at first or end of the paper gives an excellent impression. Sentence Frames Sentence frames supply a chance for students to use key vocabulary whilst providing a structure which may be higher than that which they could produce independently. Transitions are equally as critical when writing and for similar factors. What Concluding Sentence Example Is - and What it Is Not You'll find all of the information that you need right here, including a number of the best examples. To begin with, you have to think of a suitable topic based on its category, then conclude in a manner that provokes the curious minds of your readers. At length, it's highly advised that you make the most of professional writing help to turn your essay generally engaging and irresistible to the admission committee, not just in using excellent sentence starters but in all facets. Conclusion, in this instance, is your tool to reveal your understanding of this issue and make the previous impression on your audience. The Most Popular Concluding Sentence Example A concluding sentence may be used to provide a review of the principal points of the paragraph. A concluding sentence is the last sentence in every paragraph. A concluding sentence plays a critical part in every paragraph. A concluding sentence is utilized to signal your paragraph is coming to a finish. In other words, you wrap up the principal points in 1 sentence. It's possible to use a concluding sentence to state how you want to observe things change later on. There are many ways where the concluding sentence within this illustration can be written.

Dehumanisation in Dystopian Literature - 2202 Words

‘The twentieth century has seen a rise in the appearance of a distinctive literary sub-genre, the dystopian or anti-utopian novel with dehumanisation as its dominant theme.† To what extent do ‘1984’ and ‘Brave New World’ depict a dehumanised society? Both Orwell’s ‘1984’ and Huxley’s ‘Brave New World’ certainly deny humanness to the characters in their novels. Kelman defines humanness as having two key attributes, identity and community. Dehumanisation occurs when these are removed from society. It is true that individuality is denied to citizens and although the community remains, it is subverted in order to fit the government ideal. It can therefore be said that dehumanisation occurs as people are denied and identity and the true†¦show more content†¦Eddie Marcus states â€Å"dystopias impose authoritarian control over language in order to prevent formulation of heterodox thought† and this is very apparent in ‘1984’. Although characters’ use of language in ‘Brave New World’ is also restricted, whereby the traditional meaning of language is debased, it is not to the same extent as the language restriction in ‘1984.’ The World state, just like The Party, uses language in order to restrain its people. One of the ways it does this is through hypnopedia, which invades the thoughts of people in their sleep during infancy, conditioning them to think and behave in a certain way. For example â€Å"I’m glad I’m not an Epsilon.† These statements are dehumanising in the sense that they force people to identify with a collective group, for example â€Å"an Epsilon† rather than an individual. The use of hypnopedia causes the loss of individuality and is, therefore, a means of dehumanisation. These slogans are repeated by Lenina, showing how The World state has invaded the thought processes of the people. Language is associated with powerful human em otion and the World State has sacrificed these emotions in the name of social stability. This has lead to a change in the meaning of many words. For example, ‘Love’ is now equated with sexual activity and â€Å"milk† has become â€Å"pasteurised external secretion.† Huxley’s use of language in ‘Brave NewShow MoreRelated`` The Handmaid s Tale `` By Margaret Atwood And Gary Ross1542 Words   |  7 PagesAtwood and Gary Ross’ 2012 film ‘The Hunger Games’ are dystopian texts that reflect the genre of dystopian literature and the context in which they were composed. The conventional themes through which they do this are uniformity, technology and removal from present time as well as how these concepts are manipulated to create new meanings. In Atwood’s 1986 novel ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’ the theme of uniformity, conventional to dystopian literature arises from the consideration of America’s fundamentalistRead MoreAnalysis Of Amaryllis By Carrie Vaughn And Jordon s Water Hammer 868 Words   |  4 Pagesclassification of the dystopian genre. Intro: ïÆ'Ëœ Brief background about dystopia genre ïÆ'Ëœ Short stories discussed- â€Å" Amaryllis† by Carrie Vaughn and â€Å"Jordon’s Waterhammer† by Joe Mastroianni ïÆ'Ëœ Brief summary of the two short stories ïÆ'Ëœ Essay covers setting, plot development and character development. It analyses the dystopian genre ïÆ'Ëœ Both short stories retrieved from â€Å"Brave New worlds† by John Joseph Adams. (Dystopian shot story collection). Setting Most stories set in the dystopian genre follow a similarRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1249 Words   |  5 PagesDystopian Research Essay: The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood In the words of Erika Gottlieb With control of the past comes domination of the future. A dystopia reflects and discusses major tendencies in contemporary society. The Handmaid s Tale is a dystopian novel written by Margaret Atwood in 1985. The novel follows its protagonist Offred as she lives in a society focused on physical and spiritual oppression of the female identity. Within The Handmaid s Tale it is evident that through theRead MoreRepresentation of Different Social and Cultural Forces in The Handmaids Tale by Atweeon and Hard Times by Dickens2490 Words   |  10 Pagessubconscious, ultimately however securing consent. Althusser’s list of ISA’s includes religion, the family, the political system, media, literature, art, and most of all, education[i]. Such repressive ideologies and structures are evident within both novels in question yet are used to varying degrees. ‘The Handmaids tale’ follows a ‘Dystopian genre’: an imaginary place where people lead dehumanised and fearful lives; Atwood herself says â€Å"a speculative fiction†¦a slight twist

Master of Public Health Health Promotion

Question: Discuss about theMaster of Public Health for Health Promotion. Answer: Introduction This essay aims to explore the three key issues, which are Evidence and ethics, Readiness, capacity and support and social support. Health promotion enables the individuals for increasing control over and for improving their health conditions. In the recent years, it has moved beyond a focus regarding the behaviour of individuals towards a variety of societal and environmental interventions. While there is often, a focus on the nature of interventions the individuals can use when they consider the practice of health promotion. For practicing health promotion effectively, it is important for ensuring the readiness, capacity and support for action. This essay will demonstrate an understanding with respect to each of the issues and will relate each of the issues to an experience in a particular health profession. In addition, the essay will explore the similarities and differences between the issues in health promotion practice. The field of health promotion involves action, which is principally premised on the notion of doing good and aims to improve and promote health. The promoters of health require reliable evidences for identifying the significant health determinants and choosing the activities for promoting health and subsequently evaluating the efficiency of the activities that have been selected (McQueen, 2009). In the field of health promotion, one of the complex issues is evidence, which needs critical examination with respect to the significance, focus principles and ideological issues of the practice of health promotion. It has been argued that the individuals associated with health promotion should be clear regarding the values and the principles behind their activities of health promotion and they should think how the principles, values, data and ideology interact for producing the evidences. In the field of health promotion, evidence is essential because justifications are needed by the health promoters for making the decisions. Evidence, as an issue has become major in this era economic rationalism as the individuals concerned with health promotion are progressively being asked more for giving justifications regarding their activities by presenting with evidences of value (Eldredge et al., 2016). The need of integrating evidence and ethics in the field of health promotion happens to be critical particularly when comprehensive interventions for problems are advocated, but direction for action is restricted. Due to this orientation, it has become more difficult for setting the precincts of ethical oppression with respect to this field. A majority of the individuals associated with the promotion of health may possibly disagree on the ethical grounds in terms of the severe precincts for action (Gould, Fleming Parker, 2012). It is by declaring the irrationality and unfairness of altering anything by means of models, values and preferences that stem exterior to those by the individuals in that selected area, which is to be altered. For instance, taking a community as the selected area of priorities, values and interventions for transformation must originate from the community itself and agents of change should not impose the values, predominantly with respect to those agents of ch ange, which belong to the exterior of the community being considered (Naidoo, 2016). The current context of the individuals and/or environment, which needs to be altered, must be taken into consideration for any intervention. At the other side of the spectrum of change are those individuals who are concerned with practicing the promotion of health with the help of models are dispossessed mainly from their individual viewpoints and epistemology. The individuals who has a belief that the alteration they have it in mind for making it for the populations or individuals are accurate and for betterment (Bauman Nutbeam, 2013). For instance, smoking is considered by several individuals, in the area of health promotion as behaviour, which is unacceptable lacking the value of societal mitigation under several situations or frameworks and hence attempts for stopping smoking. Within the aspects of the discussion of ethics with respect to evidence, five areas, which are predominantly critical for health promotion, include complexity and contextualism, consideration of values and concepts, personal ethics and reflexivity-motivations, insufficient evidence, blame, harm and causality pitfalls. In several areas of the modern practices of health promotion, the exploration of evidence of value must develop into questions that associated with the role of the experts (Braunack-Mayer Carter, 2015). Readiness, capacity and support are important to understand and explicitly consider when designing a health promotion initiative. In health promotion practice, organizational change is an area, which is under-recognized. However, it is essential to bring about the intended changes, which improves the ability of an organization for addressing the issues of health (Casey, Payne Eime, 2012). The experts of change management have underlined the significance to establish the readiness of an organization for change and proposed strategies to create it. The readiness for change of an organization is a many-sided and multi-level construct (Capps, 2014). It differs as a function up to what extent the members of the organization value the changes and how constructively they review the three leading determinants of the potential of implementation: situational factors, availability of resources and task demands (Montemurro et al., 2014). When the readiness of change in an organization is high t hen in that condition, the members of the organization are most probable for initiating the change, exerting bigger endeavors, exhibiting greater determination, and displaying of behaviours that are more cooperative. All of these, results in effective implementation (Edelman, Mandle Kudzma, 2013). For improving health, building capacity is an essential element of efficient practices of health promotion. It may be described as an approach for developing sustainable resources, structures, commitment and skills for enhancing the outcomes of health and the other sectors for prolonging and multiplying the gains in health several times over (Jacobs et al., 2014). A variety of individuals, communities and organizations that possess the ability for addressing the health problems and particularly those problems that comes up beyond social exclusion and social inequity are increased by it (Egger, Spark Donovan, 2013). The approach of capacity building is required by the practices of health promotion for development and interdependence. At times, it has been illustrated as an invisible work in the field of health promotion (Naidoo, 2016). It is mainly the efforts of the practitioners of health promotion and increases the probability that efficient programs of health promotion will be su stained. Capacity building can include the activities as varied as inspecting the opportunities for a plan, developing the skills, asking for support, guiding the creation of associations, supporting the development of policies, and making a contribution to organizational planning (Gould, Fleming Parker, 2012). Capacity building and the concepts that are associated with it are utilized in several fields. It has been noted by Bauman Nutbeam (2013), that partnerships, community, prevention and social determinants are the materials of capacity building across a broad variety of organizations. Additionally, a great deal of work has been carried out which denotes the significance of capacity for working in association and the importance of this in contribution to additional outcomes of health that are effective (Svane et al., 2015). It takes place within the programs and more largely in the systems and is responsible for the greater capability of the individuals, communities and organizations for promoting health. This denotes that the activities of capacity building may be developed within the communities, inter-organizational alliances, groups as well as the individuals in an efficient manner (Montemurro et al., 2014). Support is important to understand an explicitly consider when designing a health promotion initiative. Several studies have identified the important role of institutional organizations for supporting and the execution of Health promotion plan in terms of commitment, guidelines, coordination and finance (Braunack-Mayer Carter, 2015). Support is very much necessary and is required by the health promotion plan. The sense of possession and empowerment has been associated with the financial support, particularly if the individuals who are concerned with health promotion could spend the funds in the way which it should have been spent (Edelman, Mandle Kudzma, 2013). In addition, the institutional organizations should financially support the health promotion plan and should pay for extra contributions and over-time work of the workers of healthcare (Capps, 2014). It had been identified by several researchers that the biggest factor for health promotion is that the health promoters who are not provided with financial incentives do not play an active role in the practice of health promotion and thus this factor becomes a hindrance in the health promotion practices (Bauman Nutbeam, 2013).In addition to the support of the institutional organization, the commitment and attitudes of the staff of the organizational institution play a significant role in the success of the health promotion plan. Besides all these, the health the stakeholders and the organizational institutions can provide support in the form of training and workshops, symposia and manuals containing health information would facilitate the exchange of experiences and knowledge effectively (Chou et al., 2013). Social capital is important for understanding and explicitly considering when designing a health promotion initiative (Murayama, Fujiwara Kawachi, 2012). It can be utilized as a means of health promotion through societal change along with distribution of the resources in a fairer way. It contributes to the area of health promotion by the addition of new knowledge regarding the interventions of social network that may be designed in a best way for meeting the requirements of the target populations. The differentiation of the diverse types of social capital includes bonding, bridging and linking. All of these can be functional for mapping the types of arrangements that available as health-improving or damaging. The bonding of social capital is exemplified by strong associations which are concerned with the strengthening of common functions and individualities as a source of aid and support between the associates. The bridging of social capital is distinguished by the weaker associatio ns that connect individuals from diverse networks collectively and turn into significant basis of information as well as resources. Linking social capital comprises of vertical associations between the individuals in diverse official or institutionalized hierarchies of power (Murayama, Fujiwara Kawachi, 2012). According to the different theorists of social capital, the social networks can result in the collaboration with the positive outcomes and are the important contributors from the diverse viewpoints (Capps, 2014). Bourdieu had specifically viewed social capital as the collection of resources that relate to the individuals networks of official or casual associations. Social capital can lead to the advancement of the interventions of the social network by recognizing the risk for imbalanced distribution of investment as well as returns from the associations of the social network. It also offers a constructive framework for constituting the environments that support health and guide for achieving the best health outcomes. Enlistment and mapping the social capital in the local population may be way to achieve the community action in order to promote the practices of health promotion. It can offer new ideas concerning the processes, which are responsible for influencing the interaction of individuals together with the collaboration and community action in order to promote health in diverse contexts (Bauman Nutbeam, 2013). In the end, it can be concluded that all these three key issues of Evidence and ethics, Readiness, capacity and support and social support have a significant role in the field of health promotion. Evidence is essential because justifications are needed by the health promoters for making the decisions in the field of health promotion. The individuals who are associated with the activities of health promotion are increasingly being asked more for giving explanations concerning their activities by presenting with valuable evidences. Readiness, capacity and support are important for understanding and explicitly considering when designing a health promotion initiative. Social capital contributes to the area of health promotion by adding the new knowledge about the interventions of social network that may be designed in a best way to meet the requirements of the target community. Hence, while designing a health promotion initiative, the health promoters should always take these three keys into consideration for carrying out health promotion practices efficiently. References Bauman, A., Nutbeam, D. (2013).Evaluation in a nutshell: a practical guide to the evaluation of health promotion programs. McGraw Hill. Braunack-Mayer, A., Carter, S. M. (2015). Ethics and health promotion: research, theory, policy and practice.Health promotion journal of Australia: official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals,26(3), 165. Capps, L. (2014, November). Health Promotion and Medical Care in Rural Uganda. In142nd APHA Annual Meeting and Exposition (November 15-November 19, 2014). APHA. Casey, M. M., Payne, W. R., Eime, R. M. (2012). Organisational readiness and capacity building strategies of sporting organisations to promote health.Sport Management Review,15(1), 109-124. Chou, W. Y. S., Prestin, A., Lyons, C., Wen, K. Y. (2013). Web 2.0 for health promotion: reviewing the current evidence.American journal of public health,103(1), e9-e18. Edelman, C. L., Mandle, C. L., Kudzma, E. C. (2013).Health promotion throughout the life span. Elsevier Health Sciences. Egger, G., Spark, R., Donovan, R. (2013). Health Promotion-Strategies and Methods. Eldredge, L. K. B., Markham, C. M., Kok, G., Ruiter, R. A., Parcel, G. S. (2016).Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. John Wiley Sons. Gould, T., Fleming, M. L., Parker, E. (2012). Advocacy for health: revisiting the role of health promotion.Health Promotion Journal of Australia,23(3), 165-170. Jacobs, J. A., Duggan, K., Erwin, P., Smith, C., Borawski, E., Compton, J., ... Leeman, J. (2014). Capacity building for evidence-based decision making in local health departments: scaling up an effective training approach.Implementation Science,9(1), 1. McQueen, D. V. (2009). Ethics and evidence in health promotion.Evidence-based public health: Effectiveness and efficiency, 27-40. Montemurro, G. R., Raine, K. D., Nykiforuk, C. I., Mayan, M. (2014). Exploring the process of capacity-building among community-based health promotion workers in Alberta, Canada.Health promotion international,29(3), 463-473. Murayama, H., Fujiwara, Y., Kawachi, I. (2012). Social capital and health: a review of prospective multilevel studies.Journal of Epidemiology,22(3), 179-187. Naidoo, J. (2016).Foundations for health promotion. Elsevier Health Sciences. Street, R. L., Gold, W. R., Manning, T. R. (2013).Health promotion and interactive technology: Theoretical applications and future directions. Routledge. Svane, J. K., Chiou, S. T., Chang, Y. L., Shen, S. H., Huang, C. H., Pan, C. Y., ... Chau, T. T. (2015). Integration of health promotion in clinical hospital departments: standards fulfillment, documentation of needs and service delivery.Clinical Health Promotion

Mine Disasters Essay Example

Mine Disasters Essay Mining disaster in the past have been referred to mining accidents claiming five or more lives. Mine disasters once were really common. In the single year of 1907 there were 18 coal mine disasters.. Among the disasters in 1907 was historys worst the Monongah coal mine explosion, which claimed 362 lives and impelled Congress to create the Bureau of Mines. I will discuss this disaster more later in this paper. Mine accidents have declined dramatically in number and severity through years of research, technology, and preventive programs. Today mine accidents resulting in five or more deaths are no longer common. However preventing recurrence of disasters like those of the past remains a top priority requiring constant attention by management, labor, and government. Thus, it happened in 1907 when the Fairmont Coal Companys mine at Monongah, West Virginia exploded killing 362 men and boys. Congress reacted to the disaster at Monongah by passing and toughening mining laws. Through disasters such as this one and many others it has forced laws and regulations, technology,and training which has brought us into mining as we know it. In 1910, following a decade in which the number of coal mine fatalities exceeded 2,000 annually, Congress established the Bureau of Mines as a new agency in the Department of the Interior. The Bureau was charged with the responsibility to conduct research and to reduce accidents in the coal mining industry. In 1968 less than five miles from Monongah another explosion had happened and the fire which resulted after killed 78 men at the Consol No 9 mines at Farmington, West Virginia. The Farmington explosion resulted in the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 a far reaching document that promised a new day for the men in an industry that had claimed more than 100,000 lives since 1900. We will write a custom essay sample on Mine Disasters specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mine Disasters specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mine Disasters specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Even before the Farmington mine had exploded in 1968, there were a push going on for a better mine safety law. The Johnson Administration introduced a measure in the fall of 1968 that would dramatically strengthen the governments enforcement tools. It went to Congress too late and didnt hold up. Then came the explosion at Farmington and there were new converts to the cause of mine safety. That is when the Nixon Administration expanded upon the Johnson Administration proposals of 1968 and addressed the potential for mine explosions in proposed legislation. President Nixon went on to sign the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 on December 30, 1969. Enforcement powers in coal mines increased greatly, at that time the Act required four annual inspections for each underground coal mine and two inspections for each surface mine. The Act for the first time established mandatory fines for all violations and criminal penalties for knowing and willful violations which was a big step in the right direction in my opinion. The act eliminated non gassy mines from special legal exemptions. All mines were considered gassy and additional inspections were required. The powers of the inspectors were expanded and the nspectors were given the power to close a mine for imminent danger. Miners were given the right to request a Federal inspection. Safety standards for all coal mines were strengthened under the 1969 Act and health standards were also adopted. The Act also provided benefits to miners disabled by black lung disease. The legacy of the Sunshine Mine disaster is reflect ed in greatly enhanced miner training programs and fire protection measures in metal and nonmetal mines across the country. In 1973 the (MESA) Mine Enforcement and Safety Administration was created out of the Bureau of Mines as the first Federal agency with the sole purpose of assuring miners of a safe, healthful working environment. Standards requiring mine emergency and self rescuer training, regular evacuation drills, and two mine rescue teams at underground metal and nonmetal operations were known by April of 1973. On March 9, 1977, the Agency was transferred from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Labor and was renamed the better known Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). The legislation which was signed by President Jimmy Carter, repealed the Federal Metal and Nonmetal Mine Safety Act and amended the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 to combine protection of coal and metal and nonmetal miners under a single law, the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (the Act). Following passage of the Act, additional required miner training, increased MSHA enforcement activities, and upgraded fire prevention standards continued to teach the hard learned lessons from fires at mines such as Cargill Salt Mine, Belle Isle, Louisiana and the Sunshine Mine at Kellogg, Idaho. The new Act of 1977 required at least four complete inspections of all coal and non coal underground mines and two f all surface mines each year. Among other important changes the new law provided for procedures to speed up the regulation making process and stronger ways force compliance with Federal health and safety standards. This included increased capability of dealing with the most dangerous mine hazards, increased emphasis on protection of miners healt h, greater involvement of miners or their representatives in processes affecting worker health and safety, and improved procedures for assessing and collecting civil penalties imposed for violating mine health or safety requirements. Mine accidents have declined greatly in both number and severity as a result of years of research, technology, education, and preventive programs. During my career mine accidents resulting in five or more deaths are no longer common. One thing remains the same preventing the recurrence of disasters like those of the past remains a top priority requiring constant attention by management, labor, and government. The Sago Mine disaster was a coal mine explosion that had occurred on January 2, 2006, the Sago Mine was located in West Virginia. The explosion had trapped 13 men for nearly two ays with only one miner surviving. It was the worst mining disaster in the West Virginia since the 1968 Farmington Mine disaster that killed 78 people. The previous year the mine had been cited by the MSHA 208 times for violating regulations, and had a history of roof falls. Violations had included failure to follow the approved roof control and mine ventilation plans and problems concerning emergency e scape ways and required pre-shift safety examinations. The explosion occurred at approximately 6:30 a. m. at the beginning of the first shift after the mine reopened after New years holiday weekend. An examination conducted at 5:50 am by a mine fire boss had cleared the mine for use. Two man buses of miners were making their way into the mine to begin work. Early reports noted that there was a thunderstorm in the area at the time and suggested a lightening strike near the mine entrance may have ignited methane but no one reported seeing such a strike. Sensors from the U. S. National Lightning Detection Network indicated at least two lightning strikes near the mine. Another early theory was that lightning struck a methane well that had previously been drilled from the surface to an area behind the seals. Methane wells are used to extract methane from coal seams and sometimes from sealed areas when methane levels are high. Fourteen men on the second man bus escaped the initial explosion. The 12 trapped miners were on the first man bus which apparently passed the point where the explosion occurred. The foreman on the second trip whose brother was among those trapped the mine superintendent and three others entered the mine to rescue the trapped miners. They into the mine until gas detectors indicated there was too much carbon monoxide to continue. Although they were false reports of he 12 miners found alive there were only 1 Randal Mcloy jr. Randal McCloy Jr. wrote a letter to the families of the victims. McCloy wrote that three weeks before the explosion he and Junior Toler while drilling a bolt hole a gas pocket which detectors confirmed the presence of methane. He said they immediately shut down the roof bolter and the incident was reported up the line to our superiors. He stated he noticed the following day that the gas leak had been plugged with glue normally used to secure the bolts. On the day of the explosion just after exiting the man trip the mine filled quickly with umes and thick smoke and that breathing conditions were nearly unbearable and that at least four of the emergency oxygen packs were not functioning. He shared his rescuer with Jerry Groves, while Toler, Jesse Jones and Tom Anderson sought help from others. He said they were not enough rescuers to go around. Because of the bad air they had to abandon their escape attempt and return to the coal rib where we hung a curtain to try to protect ourselves. The curtain created an enclosed area of about 35 feet. They attempted to signal their location to the surface by beating on the mine bolts and plates. That effort caused them to breathe much harder and use more oxygen. After becoming exhausted they stopped trying to signal. The air behind the curtain grew worse so he tried to lie as low as possible and take shallow breaths he said he could tell that it was gassy. According to McCloy, Toler and Anderson tried to find a way out. The heavy smoke and fumes caused them to quickly return. There was just so much gas. At that point the miners began to accept their fate. Toler led them all in the Sinners prayer. They prayed a little longer then someone suggested that they each write letters to their loved ones. He said he became very dizzy and lightheaded and that some drifted off into what appeared to be a deep sleep and one person sitting near him collapsed and fell off his bucket not moving. It was clear that there was nothing he could do to help him. The last person he remember speaking to was Jackie Weaver who reassured him that if it were their time to go then God’s will would be fulfilled. As my trapped coworkers lost consciousness one by one the room grew still and he continued to sit and wait unable to do much else. He have no idea how much time went by before he also passed out from the gas and smoke, awaiting escue. There we many investigation which came up with possible theorys as followed:Lightning strike and seismic activity, Use of foam rather than concrete seals, Proximity with active gas and oil wells, Sparks from restarting machinery after holiday. After the disaster there were many provision that would, mandate equipment to communicate with miners, locate miners, a nd provide sufficient caches of air, Rescue teams must be staffed and on site, Operators must notify the MSHA immediately when there is an accident, Any coal operator who fails to do so will be ubject to a $100,000 fine and/or 12 to 15 years imprisonment, The bill would mandate a rapid notification and response system, The bill would create a new mandatory minimum penalty of $10,000 for coal operators that show negligence or reckless disregard for the safety standards of the Mine Act,The bill would nullify an MSHA rule issued in 2004 that authorizes the use of belt entries for ventilation, which may have caused fire in another accident at Alma, The bill would create a science and technology transfer office in MSHA to pull research and development ideas rom other federal agencies for use in the mines,The bill would create an ombudsman in the Labor Department’s Inspector General office for miners to report safety violations. Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response (MINER) A ct after the Sago and Darby Mine explosions in 2005 and 2006 I have read many notes left to the families of the miners trapped in disaster not only this one and we keep one posted on our mine rescue station door to remind us why we are doing what we do he is the letter: Ellen, darling, goodbye for us both. Elbert said the Lord has saved him. Do the best you can with the children. We are all praying for air to support us, but it is getting so bad without any air. Horace, Elbert said for you to wear his shoes and clothing. It is now 1/2 past 1:00. Powell Harmon’s watch is in Andy Woods’ hand. Ellen, I want you to live right and come to heaven. Little Elbert said he trusted in the Lord. The bad air is closing in on us fast. Dear Ellen, I leave you in bad condition, but set your trust in the Lord to help you raise my little children. Elbert said for you all to meet him in heaven, for all of the children to meet us both. Raise the children the best you can. Oh how I wish to be with you. Goodbye, all of you, Goodbye. Bury me and Elbert in the same grave by little Eddie. Goodbye Ellen, Goodbye Lillie, Goodbye Jimmie, Goodbye Minnie, Goodbye Horace. Oh God, for one more breath. Ellen, remember me as long as you live. Goodbye darling. It is 25 minutes after 2:00. There are few of us alive yet. Jake and Elbert. The Aracoma Mine accident had happened when a conveyor belt in the Aracoma Mine No. 1 at Logan WV caught fire. The conveyor belt ignited on the morning of January 19, 2006, pouring smoke through the gaps in the Stopping line and into the intake that the miners were supposed to se for their escape, obscuring their vision and ultimately leading to the death of two of them. If the stoppings had been in place they would have prevented any smoke from the conveyor belt to the intake the primary source of air for workers inside the mine. Instead investigators now believe, smoke flooded into the air intake, which also serves as an escape route, disorienting two of the min ers, who became lost and died in the fire. The two men, Ellery Hatfield, 47 and Don Bragg, 33, died of carbon monoxide poisoning when they became separated from 10 other members of their crew. The others held hands and edged through the air intake amid dense smoke. As the federal agency that conducts research to advance mine safety and personal protective technologies, moves the results of research to workplace practice, and tests and certifies respirators for workplace use, NIOSH is working with diverse partners to plan, support, and carry out research that addresses those needs. Areas of focus include:Innovative designs for SCSRs that will provide air to users for longer durations. NIOSH is interested in new technologies for training that simulates actual respirator use. Realistic training that can be done frequently and efficiently will improve miners’ ability to escape. Changes in requirements for evaluating and testing SCSRs . Collaboration with the Mine Safety and Health Administration to update current training modules for donning SCSRs. Updates will incorporate guidance on the donning of multiple SCSRs during an emergency escape, reflecting new requirements under the MINER Act of 2006. Those provisions require mine operators to provide individual miners with immediate access to at least two SCSRs, and to store extra units along escape ways. Aracoma brought about more of training and provision to strengthen their ability to inspect better and enforce laws and regulations in place such as:better tools for cracking down on companies with patterns of violations, stronger protections for whistle blowers, stiffer criminal penalties and quick fix injunctive relief that would let the Department of Labor act decisively against an operator when it identifies an immediate threat The Upper Big Branch Mine disaster occurred on April 5, 2010 underground at Massey Energys Upper Big Branch mine at in Raleigh County, West Virginia. Twenty nine out of thirty one miners at the site were killed. The explosion occurred at 3:27 pm. The accident was the worst in the U. S. since 1970. High methane levels were detected and subsequently an explosion from an unknown source occurred. Twenty five men were initially killed. Four days later the four missing men were found dead for a total of 29 deaths. While investigations is still ongoing, officials have speculated that it may have been caused by a spark from a mantrip. Due to the large area and concentration of toxic gases mine rescue teams were able to enter and kept getting ulled out delaying rescue and recovery efforts until holes were drilled for ventilation. They were many problems in the past with violations as with many mine who have had disasters miners were scared some even left notes before the explosion and due to the size of the explosion there had to be large amounts of dust as well as methane of course Massey is denying their responsibility they have already prosecuted some officials I would write more on this disaster that we all have heard many reports and are familiar with this disaster but I do not wish to speculate ore until the investigations are complete and I am stating facts instead of opinions I would not like to speculate on something that has effected so many lives of my fellow miners and their families. Although they have not really been any changes in laws and since the Upper Big Branch explosion other than the non-combustible material has raised to 80% or better in returns instead of 60%. Since the April 2010 explosion the safety agency has also ramped up enforcement created new mine safety screening procedures and conducting 228 impact inspections at mines with poor safety records or other warning signs of problems. The agencys new screening procedures were put in place after officials discovered that a computer error had allowed Upper Big Branch to evade heightened scrutiny. The agency has also proposed new safety rules that would result in speedier enforcement for mines that have shown a pattern of serious violations. The Monongah Mine disaster of Monongah, West Virginia occurred on December 6, 1907 and is labeled as the worst mining disaster in American History. The explosion was said to be caused by the ignition of methane which ignited the coal dust in mines number 6 and 8, killing hundreds of workers. Rescue workers could only work in the mines for 15 minutes due to the lack of breathing equipment. Some of those workers also perished due to suffocation caused by methane oxidation. The lives of 362 or more workers including children were lost in the underground explosion, leaving 250 widows and more than 1000 children fatherless. The exact death toll remains unknown. The worst of the explosion occurred in the No. 8 mine and so great was its force that the concrete roof of the engine house was torn into fragments and one piece weighing more than 100 pounds was blown more than 500 yards. The victims came to their deaths suddenly. Many were found sitting upright in the positions they were in when the explosion came with its spread of deadly gases. The scenes at the mines during the work of rescue were pitiful in the extreme. For several days frantic women grouped about the opening of the mines and their shrieks of agony were enough to move the hardest heart to pity. Grief stricken mothers, wives, sweethearts and sisters waited and watched and cried and prayed. Although the village of Monongah was unprepared for the disaster relief work was quick nd effective. Relief parties were rapidly formed and additional forces were hurried from Fairmont and adjacent cities and towns. But with a few exceptions there was no need for the physician and the rescuer -death to those in the mines came fully and suddenly and without suffering. The mine officials as well as the officials of the B. O. Railroad Company took an active part in the relief and many acts of bravery were performe d by the volunteers who entered the mines in search of the victims. Appeal for funds with which to carry on the relief work mong the families of those who perished met with a quick response. The sole survivor of the blast was Peter Urban. He found a small foxhole to climb out before the toxic gases reached him. Some believe that several other men escaped with him but there is little evidence to validate that. Although they are some difference in these explosions they are similarities between them. Most of them the true cause may never be known. Many of them had also been repeat offenders of violations. From all mining disasters they have been new laws or regulations with stiffer compliance, improved training and technology. If you couldnt tell from the Upper Big Branch you can see that when a disaster happens in the mines West Virginia supports each other all miners are familys and close and we support each other. Although the mining industry remains dangerous we have took great strides for improved safety and will continue to pursue that goal, not only have we made great strides in the mining but also in Mine Rescue from training and equipment improvements and hopefully many more will come in to be better prepared to save the lives of fellow miners if such a disaster was to happen again.